Leadership In Enders Game Essay

Ender represents the best picture of leadership. He is dedicated to learning, to doing well, is innovative, comprehends everything he sets his mind to, has strong self-awareness, has strong group dynamics-awareness, understands power dynamics, and is understanding and compassionate towards those he leads. He understands that he has to sometimes do things that he doesn’t want to, to have a point made or a mission accomplished. He knows how to evaluate talent and abilities and knows how to adapt his strategy around the tools and people he has been handed. The flexibility to adapt and his ability to out-think his opponents makes him trustworthy and most important, people want to follow Ender. They want to him to lead and they want to follow him. Ender knows that the best strategy for defeating the Buggers is for him to train every one of his guys to think like a commander, so that in the course of battle, each individual is fully capable of being decisive and making key choices to be responsible for their side. Ender had incredible awareness of every moment and how he quickly adapted to whatever came his way. He had the ability to asses each situation, weigh the pros and cons, and act only on what was necessary for his survival. He made sound and timely decisions and he also demonstrated that he was technically and tactfully proficient. He never acted on ego, vengeance, pride or greed. His motives were straight, even as he fought his own inner battles. A lesson learned was that Building Loyalty was important when having, being a part of or leading a group of individuals. For example, when Ender became a commander of a green Army, he doesn’t immediately order them around. He develops relationships and respect amongst his soldiers. He was insuring that he wasn’t a friend but more of a respected commander. Being able to Develop Flexibility and Teamwork Above All Else was also an important lesson. Despite the fact that Ender’s soldiers were overworked; the Dragon Army won every single situation that was thrown at them. Flexibility and independence helped the Dragon Army to succeed in face of impossible odds. Having particular friends was a lesson that took him far in some cases. Ender was an outcast but he managed to befriend Alai, Dink, Petra and Bean. They just happen to be the best of the best. These friendships don’t provide immediate benefits to Ender but these friends become invaluable during Command School. Buddy up with the best, you never know when you’ll work with them. There are many lessons to take away from this book but there is also guidance as to what not to do. It’s important to learn from your mistakes as well as learn from others mistakes. For example, don’t think you’re all that. Many children at the Battle School resent Ender because he was the best. If Ender was the best, that means that these kids aren’t the best. A blow to the ego when all you were thinking was that you were the best. The true leaders, such as Dink and Petra, put their own egos aside and gave Ender appropriate respect. Don’t judge based on appearance alone. Ender was small and young, Petra was a girl, and Bean was tiny and arrogant but all of them are exceptional. A true leader can see beyond the surface and see true potential. Don’t react emotionally. Doing so can burr a mission and make decisions selfish. Bonzo failed as a leader because he ran on his emotions. Bonzo made decisions based on emotions, not logic. That type of decision-making lead to his death. Ender functioned differently. He channeled his anger using logic. Good leaders can put their emotions aside when necessary. And lastly, don’t stop learning. There is always room for improvement no matter who you are. Ender continually matured as a leader, throughout the story. This book is in the commandants reading list because it uses military mindset along with the important traits that the marine corps wants us to have instilled in ourselves as marines. The obvious would be the leadership characteristics that are possessed by the main character. Another would be the whole scenario of the school itself. Ender left home to enter a different world. Every marine has been through this. It’s an adjustment that we all have gone through and we have all learned these same lessons along the way weather we are aware that we have or not.

Importance of Literature Essay

Literature is the foundation of life. It places an emphasis on many topics from human tragedies to tales of the ever-popular search for love. While it is physically written in words, these words come alive in the imagination of the mind, and its ability to comprehend the complexity or simplicity of the text. Literature enables people to see through the lenses of others, and sometimes even inanimate objects; therefore, it becomes a looking glass into the world as others view it. It is a journey that is inscribed in pages, and powered by the imagination of the reader. Ultimately, literature has provided a gateway to teach the reader about life experiences from even the saddest stories to the most joyful ones that will touch their hearts. From a very young age, many are exposed to literature in the most stripped down form: picture books and simple texts that are mainly for the sole purpose of teaching the alphabet etc. Although these are not nearly as complex as an 800-page sci-fi novel, it is the first step that many take towards the literary world. Progressively, as people grow older, they explore other genres of books, ones that propel them towards curiosity of the subject, and the overall book. Reading and being given the keys to the literature world prepares individuals from an early age to discover the true importance of literature: being able to comprehend and understand situations from many perspectives. Physically speaking, it is impossible to be someone else. It is impossible to switch bodies with another human being, and it is impossible to completely understand the complexity of their world. Literature, as an alternative, is the closest thing the world has to being able to understand another person whole-heartedly. For stance, a novel about a treacherous war, written in the perspective of a soldier, allows the reader to envision their memories, their pain, and their emotions without actually being that person. Consequently, literature can act as a time machine, enabling individuals to go into a specific time period of the story, into the mind and soul of the protagonist. With the ability to see the world with a pair of fresh eyes, it triggers the reader to reflect upon their own lives. Reading a material that is relatable to the reader may teach them morals and encourage them to practice good judgement. This can be proven through public school systems, where the books that are emphasized the most tend to have a moral-teaching purpose behind the story. An example would be William Shakespeare’s stories, where each one is meant to be reflective of human nature – both the good and bad. Consequently, this can promote better judgement of situations, so the reader does not find themselves in the same circumstances as perhaps those in the fiction world. Henceforth, literature is proven to not only be reflective of life, but it can also be used as a guide for the reader to follow and practice good judgement from. The world today is ever-changing. Never before has life been so chaotic and challenging for all. Life before literature was practical and predictable, but in present day, literature has expanded into countless libraries and into the minds of many as the gateway for comprehension and curiosity of the human mind and the world around them. Literature is of great importance and is studied upon as it provides the ability to connect human relationships, and define what is right and what is wrong. Therefore, words are alive more than ever before.

Trends in Electronic Health Record Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trends in Electronic Health Record - Coursework Example Spending 8 hours in a construction firm, mixing concrete and making floors can be considered as work. Spending hours on the desktop writing articles should be considered as work but monitoring a robot making car doors cannot be considered as work. Work done by nomal human being is actually hectic and requires an established health programme that can cater for one’s treatment at his or her work place. An organization or any work site, should establish an electronic health record for its employees or workers. Physicians should also be present inany work place. Physicians’ ability to deliver effectively in the health care has always been curtailed by the overwhelming amount of data that they receive and deliver in the event of discharging their errands. It is obvious that medical care gets complex as days pass by besides the fact that information gets to the physicians at uncontrollable rate. It is thus imminent that the physicians and other health care givers have access to latest technologies that would enable them cope with the overwhelming amount of information and therefore offer services based on latest information. This means that there has always been a need for the health care industry to develop computerized system that would enable the health care givers ranging from the physicians, nurses, pharmacists, to laboratory technicians capture, manage, and deliver health care information electronically. It is noteworthy that the dire need for the digital record gave birth to the Electronic Health Record (EHR). The Electronic Health Record (EHR) has been an important tool for the health care givers in providing effective and efficient health care services to the patients. Electronic Health Record (EHR) has been in the health industry for a long period estimated at four decades. It is plausible that majority of healthcare setup ranging from small to large operators have realized significant aspects of the EHR and are in the run to implement it. It is noteworthy that the present appetite for EHR is not only an American experience but also a global initiative taking into consideration that there is an ever-increasing global demand for EHR software. This claim can be justified by the escalating number of EHR developers and vendor companies that the world has been experiencing over the past few years. In other words, the demand for Electronic Health Record is growing day by day, which is a positive sign that various healthcare providers appreciate the value of computerized health record across the globe. Hospitals are presently one of the major consumers of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) owing to the large handling of the patients’ information and other related medical records. Overview and History of Electronic Health Record (EHR) Electronic Health Record (EHR) refers to longitudinal electronic record of patient’s medical data gathered and stored owing to a patient’s encounter with the healthcare provide r (MITRE Corporation, 2006). In other words, EHR involves collection and storage of patient’s health information in an electronic form in order to enhance ease handling and sharing of information within the hospital setup. The digitalized patients medical information contained in the EHR include but not limited to immunizations, patient demographics, problems, medications, vital signs, radiology reports, past medical history, laboratory data and progress

Miranda rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Miranda rights - Essay Example On July 15, 2003, the California Supreme Court unanimously overturned a murder conviction "based on confessions gained by the deliberate violation of a suspected killer's Miranda rights." (Law 2003). Justice Marvin Baxter was very firm in his opinion that officers have an absolute obligation to "play by the rules when questioning suspects in custody and that their deliberate failure to do so will be severely disciplined." (Law 2003). Kenneth Ray Neal was convicted of second degree murder for the 1999 strangulation murder of his friend and housemate Donald Collins. Neal was subsequently sentenced to fifteen years to life in prison. Neal was an obviously uneducated eighteen year old, and Detective Mario Martin deliberately continued to question Neal even after he asked for a lawyer nine times. After spending a night in jail the eighteen year old sought Detective Martin out and confessed to the murder. The California Supreme Court decided that Neal's decision to re-contact Martin was "involuntary" based specifically on the detective's deliberate violate of Neal's Miranda rights, his youth, inexperience and low intelligence. They further cited "promises and threats made by Martin and the fact that Neal was isolated and deprived of food and water while in jail." (Law 2003). The California Supreme Court further stated that "the consequence of the officer's misconduct-the absolute inability to introduce the confessions at trial-is severe, but is intended to deter other officers from engaging in misconduct of this sort in the future." (Law 2003). The California Attorneys for Criminal Justice made a strong argument that officers around the country are being taught to ignore Miranda with the hope of getting evidence to impeach the accused. Many times when an officer has just elicited a confession to a crime he has a sinking sensation when he realizes he inadvertently violated Miranda. If the crime was serious and the suspect's statement absolutely crucial to proving the case that sinking feeling will soon turn into panic. Many officers, when caught in this scenario will offer up the suspect's Miranda rights, and simply start over as though there had been no violation at all. (Miranda 2004). The suspect, having already confessed, rarely realizes the tactics until it is too late. In the case of Oregon v. Elstad a sheriff's deputy arrested eighteen year old Michael Elstad in his home on a burglary warrant, and without obtaining a Miranda waiver, the deputy asked Elstad if he knew the victim of the burglary. Elstad agreed that he did in fact know the victim. The deputy then stated that he believed Elstad to be a party to the break-ins and Elstad admitted "I was there." Later, once Elstad was at the sheriff's office, he waived his Miranda rights and confessed. The issue became whether the subsequent confession should have been allowed as the first statement Elstad made regarding being at the scene of the burglary was elicited without proper Miranda warning. The court pointed out that "failure to warn-which it termed a "technical" violation-differs in significant respects from constitutional violations which have traditionally mandated a broad application of the

Dannon Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dannon Company - Research Paper Example Dannon has since become the yoghurt founding company in America. Dannon is one of the leading producers of beverages, packaged foods and top selling yoghurt brands globally. The main value of the company is Health and Nutrition. The mission of the company is towards the provision of health through the food supply to the largest number of people possible (Dannon’s CSR 2009 Overview). The vision of the company is health for all people. The company is always looking for different ways of encouraging people to eat healthier and delightful tasting dairy products. Dannon produces and sells over 100 different products across the globe which varies in different sizes, styles and flavors of cultured dairy products. Transparency 1. Level of public disclosure. The company has a high level of public disclosure. That is, Dannon Company makes the information about its company public and makes it open to investors and shareholders. In every financial year, the company makes public its CSR re port, events and all annual reports. The company gives a press release of all activities taking place including company awards and all nutrition grants. All this is done with the aim of enhancing investor and shareholder confidence on the company. 2. Responsibility for environment/sustainable development. Dannon Company engages in Corporate Social Responsibility activities. ... nt, company has also increased its health and nutrition and nature of its produces which include packaging, energy consumption and manufacturing (Dannon’s CSR 2009 Overview). The company has also cut by 10% on its overall carbon footprint during the 2009 financial year. As part of its responsibility towards sustainable development, Dannon Company helps people in making informed food choices in order to improve their health and nutrition. Dannon Company also supports initiatives which encourage nutrition education, supports research and education which help in exploration of the relationship between better health and nutrition. To Dannon Company, its responsibility goes beyond the usual business of just producing yogurt products as it the company’s privilege to be an active partner in the provision of families with information and tools required for health lives. Dannon Company is committed to three core values in its corporate social responsibility activities, and they include health and nutrition, nature and people. The company is highly committed in the production of those products which are quite useful to the consumer (Laszlo, 2003). The company strives to makes nutritious products, engages families and children at the community level, and makes use of Dannon Next Generation Nutrition to help children in understanding the usefulness of healthy eating habits. The company also limits the kind of products to advertise to children and engages in childhood nutrition education programs. When it comes to nature, the company is highly committed to environmental sustainability as it has been saving on its carbon foot print, has reduced the quantity of its primary packaging and also saves fuel by re-inventing different ways of making energy saving bottles and cups. The

Healthcare Administration 8 questions Assignment

Healthcare Administration 8 questions - Assignment Example The prevalence as well as the sustainability of communicable diseases which is another macro-trend in the United States has been a major concern for the healthcare practitioners and they are currently devising a long-term plan on how to handle the situation. Tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases have been ranked as the leading communicable diseases in the United States. Future research is expected to focus on relaying actual statistics on the rate of new infections and other underlying statistics on communicable diseases (Kronenfeld, 2002). Child health which focuses on infant mortality rate is regarded as a very vital macro-trend in the United States that requires a lot of attention so as to enable the realization of strategies in the healthcare system. Chronic diseases remain the greatest cause of infant mortality in the country. Diseases such as asthma are recorded to the leading cause of absenteeism in schools because its management is very costly and cannot be afforded by most families (Ryff, 2001). A recent article by Molly Worthen of the Daily beast indicated that nothing much has been achieved in the United States even with the presence of the Obamacare. Healthcare system has become considerably costly due to the presence of indirect costs incurred by those seeking health services. Hence, there is need for a complete overhaul in the entire health system and the present macro-trends. Dan Mangan of cnbc in an article titled, â€Å"US: Well pay for health insurance. World: Not us† indicated that economic factor was key towards the achievement of sustainable policies in the health sector. The ever increasing insurance on health matters was not necessary and is viewed as a means by which the government exploited the

The Evolution of Groups Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Evolution of Groups - Article Example The next stage arrives when the members of the group start to discuss their purpose of being together. Different members of the group may have their own purpose on mind; so this phase works to filter out those whose purpose differ from the majority of people in the group. Then comes the stage of choosing a leader; as a group cannot be directed in any direction if there is no leader to take command of the group. This is followed by the phase in which the group members increase their level of cooperation due to increased trust. This cooperation helps to achieve the common goals of the group. The final phase arrives when the members of the group work in a synergistic way to form a team to back-up each other and result in total success (Jones & George, 1998). The writer has very skillfully simplified the complex concept of formation of groups. It appears that the author has been studying the phenomenon very closely and in detail, since his interpretation is very practical and after reading his contribution one clearly feels that this has been going on in their life too; during formation of

My Grandpa & His Life Lessons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Grandpa & His Life Lessons - Essay Example People seek for their life example everywhere; they like knights from legends, superheroes, presidents, celebrities, novel characters or people they barely know in life. Obviously, from the title of my essay, I prefer to appreciate my family as the greatest influence I have. Of course, all family members are equally important in my life. I would never become myself without the care and support of my mother and father. However, I would like to talk about my grandfather as the greatest person I knowMy grandfather's life experience, personal traits, and considerate attitude always have a positive influence on family relationships. When my family has to make some important decision, we have no other person who can help us better with a relevant piece of advice. Grandfather always can suggest some actions to take and things to do, to be honest with other people and support the good reputation of the family. He has experienced many life situations, which are even difficult to imagine as I represent a totally different generation. I am still too young to notice many little details in communicating with other people or settling family businesses. However, supported by my grandfather, I feel self-relevance and confidence in my future. He does not need all details to understand what other people feel; he has a strange ability or even a gift to read my mind and say the words which make me feel better in any situation. In my culture, people grow up nurturing deep respect to their relatives and older generations. Since my childhood, grandpa has been my personal example of a leader and a person who can handle any situation. When I was a little child, grandfather contributed a lot in the process of my upbringing. All family members were busy at work and I often spend time with my grandparents. I was always glad to arrive at their house; it met me with little presents and tasty food, cozy atmosphere and a number of family photos in every corner.  

Wonders of Nature and the Operations of Creatures Essay Example for Free

Wonders of Nature and the Operations of Creatures Essay This essay will attempt to differentiate natural wonders that occur in the world, from what is described as miracles. It will also explore events classified as miracles, and examine whether miracles must have an immediate benefit, or if natural disasters can in some way, be defined as miracles as their consequences can fulfill the criteria for the purposes of miracles. This essay will not be questioning the existence of miracles as, for the purpose of this essay, they do. First one must seek to define what the different terms in the title are, by looking at how different philosophers and theologians have described them. David Hume, on miracles, seems to argue that there are indeed extraordinary events that occur, but they cannot justifiably be called miracles. The next term needing examination is â€Å"wonders of nature†. Science has shown us that nature is not a series of random events, and that it is governed by laws which make it in some way predictable; the law of gravity for example, which keeps the world revolving around the sun. The last term to be defined is, â€Å"operations of creatures†. This is not just the operation of living things. It can be applied to beings as small as atoms, or intangible concepts such as time. It is the operations of creatures that are often confused with miracles when they are coincidence. After clarifying what the question is looking for, this essay will look at examples of miraculous events and analyse them with focus on God’s being, particularly their role in revealing God’s being to creatures. Mary Hesse’ article, Miracles and the Laws of Nature, begins with a discussion of how the term miracle is applied in today’s society; â€Å"Someone may say ‘his recovery was a miracle’, or, ‘It was a miracle that a serious accident was avoided’†.[1] Whilst Hesse disregards this as likely not to be a divinely inspired, she goes onto talk about how, the conventional definition of a miracle, something that is a violation or turn against the natural order, is not so surprising, as we live in such a complicated world. Miracles are seen to be violations of the natural order, and examples can be found all over the world, in ancient and modern history. The most common examples in the Western world can be found in the Bible, in both the Old and New Testament, which reveal God’s being, whether it is God’s direct action or God working through another being to create a miraculous event. This is what natural theology argues is the miracle’s being: to in some way reveal God, or to impart knowledge of some kind to someone. This can be seen in examples found in the Bible; the story of the burning bush, found in Exodus, where God imparted knowledge if himself to Moses, with both the great â€Å"I Am†, and in his plans to free the Israelites from Egypt. However, it is here that Hume draws his first criticism, questioning the validity of those that witness or experience the miracle: â€Å"We cannot trust that those who testify to miraculous events occurring are not being deceived, deluded or even lying. Also Humans are naturally drawn towards the miraculous, and love being dazzled by the mysterious, and they can often form unreasonable beliefs on the basis of these experiences, which should not trusted.†[2] Hume was traditionally an empiricist, and believed that for the claims of a miracle to be true it must reflect the experiences we already have learnt from. Because of this Hume would doubt the miraculous event of Jesus Christ, when he rose from the dead, as there is no experience on earth, other than this, that one can look to for a confirmation that such a thing is possible. Hume then assumes that such events are born from either delusion, or from people lying, for whatever motive. However scholars are often split in their opinion of Hume’s position on miracles, as it is possible to take his work as an argument against the possibility of miracles. Yet it is also possible to argue that Hume did believe that miraculous events could occur, however, as the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy writes: â€Å"only that justified belief in a miracle on the basis of testimony (may be) impossible.†[3] Hume was not alone in writing against the testimonies of people through history, as Wittgenstein writes: â€Å" A miracle is, as it were, a gesture which God makes. As a man sits quietly then makes an impressive gesture, God lets the world run on smoothly then accompanies the words of a saint by a symbolic occurrence, a gesture of nature, it would be an instance if, when a saint has spoken, the trees around him bowed, as if in reverence. – Now do I believe this happens? I don’t.†[4] Here Wittgenstein, whilst he says that he does not believe that miracles, as he believes they are defined, actually occur, he adds to the definition of what a miraculous event is with natural theology. Wittgenstein does not deny the possibility for them to be real, only that he is yet to be â€Å"impressed† by an event, as he does not find reports of such events enough to believe in them. The operations of creatures are often called miraculous, particularly when the scale of the event is massive, for example, the smallest of atoms have been seen to produce the hugest explosions. However, whether these are miracles or not is something to be debated. Certainly, when such events occur that goes against what is considered the normal flow of life, it is curious enough for one to refer to it as a miraculous event. However, this alone does not make such an event a miracle within natural theology. This is something that theologians, when writing about miracles, often draw their attention to first. Hesse writes that such events, which violate the laws of the natural order, but do not contain the same meaningfulness as what theists might define as miracles, are â€Å"the pointless demonstrations of a wonder-worker or magician†[5]. However, Hesse does not go any further with this classification, stating that such miracles contain qualities which also put them in the category of coincidence, or of divine purpose. The role of a miracle is to draw people to God, or to reveal his being in one form or another to mankind, and if that is so then something seemingly miraculous may be just coincidence. C.S. Lewis describes miracles as â€Å"an interference with nature by supernatural power†[6]. By this Lewis means that it could be nature itself performing these events, or it could be a divine being, â€Å"interfering† with the natural order. When Lewis talks about nature being the interfering party, he does not mean nature as an intelligent being, but he means from the naturalist’s belief, there is nothing else but nature. From this one could then argue that miracles are just coincidence. Miracles have been used by Jesus and by his apostles after his ascension to spread Christ’s message, an example of this is the miraculous event at Pentecost: â€Å"On the day of Pentecost all the Lord’s followers were together in one place. Suddenly there was a noise from heaven like the sound of a mighty wind. It filled the house where they were meeting. Then they saw what looked like fiery tongues moving in all directions, and a tongue came and settled on each person there. The Holy Spirit took control of everyone, and they began speaking whatever languages the Spirit let them speak.†[7] This event can be called a miracle because it a purposeful act by The Holy Spirit, which enabled the apostles to talk in the different languages that they required to go out and spread their beliefs, something that is a demonstration of God’s being, as it is a revelation of his will. This event is also a demonstration of knowledge. In the event of Pentecost, we see the knowledge of language to the apostles, and as said above, an imparting of God’s intention. Michal Goodich supports this belief of the role of miracles in his book, Miracles and Wonders, in which he says: â€Å"The ultimate aim is to console and bring the faithful closer to God or to confound the nonbeliever or heretic.†[8] Goodich talks about one of the purposes of miracles here is to â€Å"bring the faithful closer to God†, which is very much a role that miracles fulfill, and this can be seen in examples from biblical passages such as the conversion of Saul, who became Paul, when God appeared to him, and he temporarily lost his sight. Paul, who was famous for his persecution of the early Christians went on to become one of the founding members of the church, and the New Testament contains some of his letters and his book â€Å"Acts of the Apostles†. This is an example of a miraculous event bringing people closer to God. It is clear that in the world, events occur that seem to be violations of the natural order. For many of these events, science has been able to explain why they happened, and for the majority of the oddities in the world they do not appear to serve any real purpose. However, there are examples in both ancient and modern times of events that, whilst they are violations of the nature order of the world, it is clear that they are not just random events, and that they were caused by a supernatural being, and they are for a purpose. The miracles worked by our Lord Jesus Christ, St. Augustine writes, are divine works which raise the human mind above visible things to understand what is divine[9]. This writing by Augustine also highlights another unique property that miracles possess, which can be difficult to find in other events, that is that miracles have a tendency to inspire change, and a renewed sense of God, even centuries after the actual event, as examples from the very earliest writing of the Bible still have said effects today. However, in today’s society with such a vast mix of belief systems and scientific explanations, it is incredibly difficult to distinguish between the wonders of nature and supernaturally inspired events. Even a brief study of any natural disaster in recent history will reveal mixes of opinions by both those directly affected by it and those who saw it through the media. For example, the recent earthquake in Haiti, where an already poverty stricken county is further devastated. Interviews shown on the media of those who suffered directly show that they believe this to be an act of God, and that it has only increased their faith and brought their families closer together. Yet there are opinions of those who have not suffered because of the event and yet question where is God in such a time, finding it hard to believe such an event of massive devastation can have positive outcomes. The grandfather of a 15 day old baby surviving 7 days buried in the rubble of her house was quoted by The Times saying, This wasnt the way Jesus wanted the baby to die. Everybody knew the baby was dead, except the Lord.[10] Overall, distinctions can be drawn between wonders of nature and operations of creatures, and miraculous events. It is said that miracles, in the traditional sense are literally violations of the laws of nature. That is, they defy what science believes is our understanding of the world. This is an a posteriori argument; our experience reveals what miracles are, as they are not something that can happen according to our knowledge of the mechanisms of the world. Richard Swinburne, in his article Violation of a Law of Nature, questions if such a term is applicable to events that seem less than ordinary: â€Å"I think that those who, like Hume, have used this or a similar expression have intended to mean by it an occurrence of a non-repeatable counter-instance to a law of nature†¦ But if we have good reason to believe that they have occurred and good reason to believe similar events would occur in similar circumstances, then undoubtedly we have good reason to believe that the formulae which we previously believed to be the laws of nature were not in fact such laws.†[11] Swinburne argues that events that are sometimes, possibly because of their outcomes or because of the number of those affected, deemed miraculous by people who have reason to believe it has religious significance, so therefore he concludes â€Å"miracles are events with a point in the overall scheme of things, and in a sense are very much regular† as Swinburne comments.[12] This points to the original issue that miracles, in comparison to the wonders of nature, depend upon personal opinions. It is clear if one believes a miracle to be a seemingly impossible event based on our experience of the laws of nature, then yes they can be distinguished from the wonders of nature, however, if one believes it to be any event, which holds religious significance, then it would be nigh impossible to distinguish miracles.

Childrens Day Essay Example for Free

Childrens Day Essay Children are adorable. They are like divine gifts that parents get from the almighty. Their eyes are full of innocence. They smile when they receive love and admiration, they cry when it is their first day at school away from their parents, they giggle when they mingle with their buddies, and they signify nothing but the pure and faithful love. They truly symbolise god. 14th November is celebrated as childrens day in all over India. 14th November is also the birthday of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India. Childhood memories are sweetest of all. They can be savored for a lifetime. Childrens day celebration is fun for the little ones but it is important for the parents too. Every parent must understand the importance of the childrens day. Parents should be well aware about the little desires of their angels. Chacha Nehrus love for children Do you know why Pandit Jawaharlal Nehrus birthday is celebrated as the childrens day? Pandit Nehru was a great leader. He worked passionately for the welfare of children and youngsters soon after independence. He was keen about welfare, education, and development of children in India. He was fond of children and thus became popular as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru) among his little admirers. Nehru was very particular about the progress of the Indian youth. He wanted to create responsible citizens out of young boys and girls. Under his regime he established several educational institutions including All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Institutes of Technology, and Indian Institutes of Management. He included and highlighted the point in his five years plan that every child in India would get free and compulsory primary education. Over thousands of schools were built through out the villages of India when Nehru was in power. He also brought the scheme to distribute free meals and milk to school children in India to prevent malnutrition. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru himself was destinys child. He struggled a lot for the welfare of India. It is believed that he admired two things a lot, red roses and children. His love and passion towards children is the reason why we celebrate Childrens Day on his birthday. Why do we celebrate Childrens Day? Childrens Day celebration is the tribute to childhood. John Kennedy, 35th US president has quoted it rightly, Children are the worlds most valuable resource and its best hope for the future. We cannot hide the fact that many children in India are not getting basic privileges like education. Many children are earning money instead of playing with toys. The true essence of childrens day is to understand the significance of childhood in our lives. The values and disciplines learned as a child are responsible for the kind of adulthood one has. Thus childhood is special and should be celebrated. Childrens Day is to remind all young and adults about childrens right to enjoy their childhood without any boundaries and to be educated adult in the future. Childrens Day is to revise the right methods of raising children. Childrens Day Celebration 20th November is Universal Childrens Day. In India lots fun activities and programs are organized on the childrens day. Childrens Day is called as Bal Divas in Hindi. On this particular day government, NGOs (non government organisations), schools, and some private bodies conduct competitions and events for children. Various cultural programs are organized through out the schools. Special television programs for children are broadcasted on 14th November. Parents too are eager about childrens day. Some parents buy gifts for their sons and daughters. Some parents give greeting cards to their children to express their wishes on this special day. As parents we should not let this day pass as other ordinary day. It is our duty to make childrens day special for our child. You may take your child to visit some NGO or childrens home on this day. You can imbibe some precious values in him though generous acts. Your child can give away some of his belongings to other poor children. In such a way he will get to know the real significance of this day. Make every 14th November special for your child. After all, Children will not remember you for the material things you provide them but for the feeling that you cherished them.

Role of New Media in Reporting Emergencies in Nigeria

Role of New Media in Reporting Emergencies in Nigeria Glory Ajabiowe The Role of New Media in Reporting Emergencies in Nigeria. (A Case Study of Ebola Virus) CHAPTER ONE:  INTRODUCTION 1.1  BACKGROUND OF STUDY Emergency communication is known for its immediate communication with stakeholders and its ability to change at a moment’s notice. Social media is also an evolving field. The use of social media is growing at an exponential rate. Since their introduction, Social Network Sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, MySpace, Cyworld, Twitter and Bebo have attracted millions of users, many of whom have integrated these sites into their daily practices, (Goldfine, 2011). We[E1] define social network sites as web-based services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. There are many ideas about the first occurrence of social media. â€Å"Throughout much of human history, we’ve developed technologies that make it easier for us to communicate with each other† (Carton, 2009). The earliest information encountered by the writers of this article  referred to 1792 and the use of the telegraph to transmit and receive messages over long distances (Ritholz, 2010). Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist known by many as the father of sociology, and Ferdinand Tonnies, a German sociologist, are considered pioneers of social networks during the late 1800s. Tonnies believed that social groups could exist because members shared values and beliefs or because shared conflict. His theory dealt with the social contract conceptions of society. Durkheim combined empirical research with sociological theory. Also, in the late 1800s, the radio and telephone were used for social interaction, albeit one-way with the radio (Rimskii, 2011, Wren, 2004). Since the late 1990’s, the new social media have not only changed the perception of risk and  crises, but also citizens expectations towards emergency response officials, the private sector,  volunteer organizations, etc[E2]. Twitter, Facebook and Ushahidi among others have been widely used to communicate about risks and crisis situations (e.g. 2010 Haiti earthquake, 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, etc.[E3]). This change is linked to the rapid development of the Web 2.0 and its applications. While Internet traffic is expected to grow 25-30% between 2011 and 2015 in North America, Western Europe and Japan, and to reach or surpass 50% in Latin America, the Middle East and Africa according to the UN global pulse white book, the use of social media such as Facebook and Twitter is growing even more rapidly. Social media is user-generated content distributed through the Internet with the intent to  be shared and facilitate conversation between users (Wright Hinson, 2009). Social media is  one of the major methods of social interaction around the world today (Wright Hinson, 2009). In general, the following are considered social media tools and platforms: message boards, photo  sharing, podcasts, Really Simple Syndication (RSS), video sharing, Wikis, blogs, social  networks and micro-blogging sites (Wright Hinson, 2009). Social Media can be called a strategy and an outlet for broadcasting, while Social Networking is a tool and a utility for connecting with others (Cohen, 2009; Stelzner, 2009). Furthermore, Cohen (2009) reports that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸the difference is not just semantics but in the features and functions put into these websites by their creators which dictates the way they are to be used†.[E4] Facebook is a social networking website launched in February 2004, and it is privately operated by Facebook, Inc. (Facebook, 2004). Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg and others when he was a student at Harvard; though when the site was initially launched, it was restricted to Harvard students only. Later the privilege was extended to high school students and later to everyone that is 13 years or older (Boyd, 2007). As of July 2010, Facebook has more than 500 million active users. In January 2009, Facebook was ranked as the most used social network worldwide. Also, in May 2010, Google announced that more people visited Facebook than any other website in the world. It declares that this was discovered from findings on 1,000 sites across the world, (TIMES, 2010). Users may create a personal profile; add other users as friends, and exchange messages, including automatic notifications, photos and comments when they update their profile. Additionally, Facebook users may join common i nterest user groups, organized by workplace, school, college, or other characteristics. Ebola virus was discovered in 1976 and since then 2,265 reported cases of Ebola fever in humans around the world of these victims, 1,531 resulted in death killed. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, (CDC, 2012). The first known case of Ebola in Nigeria was a traveller exposed in Liberia. On July 17, 2014, while under observation in a Monrovia, Liberia, hospital for possible Ebola, the patient developed a fever and, while symptomatic, left the hospital against medical advice. Despite advice against travel, on July 20 he flew by commercial airline from Monrovia via Accra, Ghana, to Lomà ©, Togo, then changed aircraft, and flew to Lagos. On arrival the afternoon of July 20, he was acutely ill and immediately transported to a private hospital where he was noted to have fever, vomiting, and diarrhoea. During hospital admission, the patient was queried about Ebola and said he had no known exposure; he was initially treated for presumed malaria. Based on the patients failure to respond to malaria treatment and his travel from an Ebola-affected country in the region, treating physicians suspected Ebola. The patient was isolated and tested for Ebola virus infection while local public health authorities were alerted about a suspected case of Ebola. A blood specimen sent to Lagos University Teaching Hospital was confirmed positive for acute Ebola virus infection. The patient died on July 25. Port Health Services conducted early contact tracing at the airport and worked with airlines and partners to ensure notification of the outbreak through International Health Regulations mechanisms During the 2009 influenza pandemic, tweets and SMS were used to indicate where vaccination  against H1N1 influenza was available. Social media were used to encourage the population to  vaccinate and to indicate where the nearest place was to do so. In Kenya, which has 33 million people there are 11.3 million mobile phone subscribers but only 264000 landline and 3 million internet users. An opt-in system for blood donors enables them to receive text messages or email reminders stating when they are eligible to donate again but also messages calling for donors of specific blood types during shortages or crises. The World Health Organisation (WHO) uses social media in its Strategic Health Operations  Centre (SHOC) which operate 24-7. Thanks to TweetDeck, they conduct search by selected keywords on Twitter. WHO now has two full-time social media staff and receives nearly 6,000 new followers on Twitter per week and about the same number on Facebook per month. These numbers are growing, which helps WHO both to monitor health crisis and provide good advices to the followers. During the Fukushima events, the TweetDeck observed that some people were telling their friends to drink wound cleaners, which contain iodine, because they thought this would help their body be prepared for the nuclear radiation coming up. Via Twitter and Facebook, the WHO social media team warned people not to drink it because it could be harmful. The same day, WHO noticed people rushing to take iodine pills and tweeted: â€Å"Consult your doctor before taking iodine pills. Do not self-medicate!† As communication technology diversifies and proliferates, social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) are increasingly used to convey information during crises to send warnings, to conduct situational awareness, and even to catalyse action and sustain dialogs and feedback loops among public authorities, volunteer groups, the business sector and citizens. Despite their usefulness, governments view social media with some caution due to the cost that could be incurred by trying to keep pace with growing citizen expectations. The reliability of social media content is sometimes questioned, though filtering tools have been developed that may be used to reduce time spent reading irrelevant messages and untrustworthy sources. The social media can be used to enhance risk and crisis communication in several ways. First,  they are collaborative and participatory. Online discussions can improve situation awareness. Second, they are decentralised. The information can circulate very quickly among actors, thanks to RSS feeds or Tweets, which are immediately available online to multiple organisations. Third, social media are popular and accessible. Emergency services can extend their reach when sending information or warning. Finally, social media can provide data that are geographically or temporally traceable. It becomes possible to monitor the geographical and time development of a crisis thanks to digitally generated content. The evolution of social media has led to faster spread of messages and the ability to minimize harm done to an organization in a crisis scenario. Social media is starting to change the way we do business, and I think if we don’t realize what’s happening in emergency management then people are going to look up, and they’re going to go- †What just happened?†Ã‚  (Richard, 2011). But Social media also has the potential to ruin a company’s reputation or expedite the spread of harmful corporate rumors (Semple, 2009). This is evident in the spread of the water salt solution (Salty Friday) by a tertiary institution student via the Facebook that led to the death of many people all over the country including Plateau state after many drank the salt water and bath with it (Salty Friday). For Iqaluit’s mayor, Madeleine Redfern in (Canadian Red Cross, 2012), Facebook is often the best way to reach members of her community, especially in emergencies. Many Iqaluit residents use Facebook, which can provide timely updates and allow for two-way communication more effectively than mainstream media. By sharing timely information with her community through social media, Mayor Redfern can help dispel rumors before they spread. â€Å"If misinformation is not corrected and it spreads like wildfire, then suddenly people are angry and scared and act in ways not in their best interest,† she added. â€Å"It’s the difference between an informed public and a panicked one.† In Nigeria, 56 Ebola cases have been reported of which 6 has been killed by the disease. It is against this background the researcher is willing to examine the attitude of social media users towards the awareness of Ebola virus on Facebook. 1.2  STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Social networking sites can serve many uses throughout emergencies and disaster relief. Social networking sites can gather information in a central location as well as serve as a resource to understand the magnitude of a disaster during the disaster or emergency (Palen et al., 2009). However, the major problem is that Facebook users post, comment, sharing information on Ebola virus which they know little or nothing about the credibility of its source as to add salt to bathwater which also killed some hypertensive patients in Borno state. Social media users know little or nothing about the rule or law guiding post, comment, sharing information and so on. Another problem is that many of the users on social media expressed their opinion with little or no proper editing of the contents they are sharing. The source of major information, idea, concept being discussed through social media lack credibility and authority. Opinion and attitudes are only formed based on the information posted on social networking sites since there is not an established gatekeepers unlike traditional mass media where the reporters, proof-readers and editors make corrections and filter before disseminated to the citizen, as citizens are now part of information gathering and dissemination. 1.3  RESEARCH QUESTIONS The distinctiveness of this research is to be based on the following research questions. To what extent has Nigeria explored facebook in reporting the Ebola virus? What are emergency managers’ attitudes toward facebook and other social media? To what extent has the use of facebook resulted to falsified/speculative report of critical issues in Nigeria? What benefits are gained from the use of facebook and other social media use during emergencies? 1.4  AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study is geared to achieve these aims and objectives To ascertain how the internet Web technology has affected the practice of journalism in Nigeria. To ascertain how the use of social media in plateau state has impacted the system in terms of reporting emergency cases. To find out how the use of facebook has aided human interaction in plateau state. To find out and examine the pitfalls of facebook in the report of the Ebola Virus outbreak. 1.5  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to understand how social media is being used in emergency situations. It attempts to understand communication throughout a disease outbreak and the various ways social media can be used to supplement disaster relief efforts. The study will go a long way to bridge the gap of knowledge existing about the use of the social media platform for ordinary chats among friends and set a paradigm for human cooperation and interaction through the sharing of vital information during emergency periods and when other urgent issues of national relevance come into play or relevant. By exploring current social media practices of emergency relief and government organizations, and their successes and failures during emergencies best practices will be established, so as to help add to the bank of knowledge already existent in the field. 1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY Facebook.comaccording to Alexa website ranking on 4th, January 2014 was regarded as the most visited website with statistic of 900,000,000 per month followed bygoogle.com, while Twitter is ranked as one of the ten-most-visited websites worldwide by Alexa’s Web Traffic Analysis. It is recorded that at least 5 million and seven hundred and fifty thousand Nigerians are on facebook with a good number of them being young or students. (facebook statistics, 2014). This has prompted me to use facebook as a social media platform for this study. More so, this study is limited to Jos South local government, Plateau state. 1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS The researcher intends to define ambiguous terms in this study with the operational meaning as it will be used in the study and not the dictionary meanings. New media: This is a new platform/provision that came with the turn of the millennium and ushered in immediacy and interaction in the art and science of communication and also makes possible/faster the unification of the world into a global village. Emergency: This is an impromptu call or situation that may be caused by a disease outbreak, natural disaster, etc., for which human attention/help is needed immediately. Facebook: This is a social media platform that allows users to share comments, pictures, videos and other forms of communication and bridges the gap created by distance. Ebola Virus: This is a viral disease that infected 56 people in Nigeria and killed 6. It is characterized by cough, fever, acute headache, and bleeding before death. Salty Friday: This is the day a group of students used the facebook and falsely reported that people should drink and bath with salt water to remedy the Ebola Virus. This day was evident with phone calls, text messages and chats in the middle of the night and in the early hours of the day. REFERENCES Boyd, D. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Computer Mediated Communication, 3-20. Carton, S. (2009). Defining social media. Retrieved from http://www.clickz.com/clickz/column/1703507/defining-social-media CDC, (2014 ) â€Å"CDC Urges all US Residents to Avoid None-essential Travel to Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leon Because of an Unprecedented Outbreak of Ebola†. CDC, July 31. Cohen, L. S. (2009, April 30). Is There A Difference Between Social Media And Social Networking? Retrieved from Lonscohen: Émile Durkheim. (2010). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174299/Emile- Durkheim Facebook. (2004). Facebook Inc. Retrieved from Facebook.com: http://www.face.com Goldfine, E. (2011) The Use of Social Media Throughout Emergency Disaster Relief. Washington DC. Palen, L., et al. (2009). Crisis in a Networked World: Features of Computer-Mediated Communication ,Virginia Tech Event. Social Science Computer Review, 27(4), 467-480. doi: Article Red cross (2012) Canadian red cross on social media, Canada: the star phoenix Rimskii, V. (2011). The influence of the Internet on active social involvement and the formation   and development of identities. Russian Social Science Review, 52 (1), 79-101. Ritholz, B. (2010) History of social media. Retrieved from http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2010/12/history-of-social-media/ Social media update (2014.) while facebook remains the most popular site, other platforms see higher rates of growth. Pew research centre Stelzner, M. (2009, May 22). Social Media vs. Social Networking : What s the difference . Retrieved December 4, 2010, from examiner: http://www.examiner.com/networking-in- national/social-media-vs-social-networking-what-s-the-difference Semple, E. (2009). Update your crisis communication plan with social media.  Strategic Communication Management, 13(5), 7. doi: Article. TIMES, L. (2010). The business and culture of our digital lives, . Los Angeles Times, 1. Wright, D., Hinson, M. (2009). An Updated Look at the Impact of Social Media on Public  Relations Practice. Public Relations Journal, 3(2), 27. [E1]Who is the we? Cite properly [E2]Avoid the use of etc. instead use words like ‘and others’ [E3]Same as above [E4]Plagiarism

The Effect Of Third Party Candidates In Presidental Elections Essay exa

The Effect of Third Party Candidates in Presidental Elections Although citizens of the United States have the opportunity to vote for many different offices at the national, state, and local levels, the election of the president of the United States every four years is the focal point of the American political process. The American political system has maintained a two- party system since its inception. Political scientists argue that a two-party system is the most stable and efficient means of running a democratic nation as a mono-party system leads toward tyranny, and a multi-party system creates over- diversification and gridlock (Mazmanian 6). The Constitution of the United States does not in any way limit the structure of the political system to two parties. In fact, there has been no presidential election where there were only two candidates; however, third-party candidates are rarely represented in a majority of the states, and those that were on the ballot in a majority of states have never been successful. However, on a few occasions, third party candidates have been able to make a significant impact on the presidential election process such as George Wallace in 1968 and H. Ross Perot in 1992. Through nineteenth century there was little deviation from the traditional two-party system. Until then, political candidates were utterly dependant upon the political infrastructure of an established party for their campaigns. Until the development of mass media technologies, including radio and television, political candidates had no direct means of communicating with the public and were thus dependant on the communications systems of the major parties. Thus, third party movements lacked the capabilities to run an effective campaign against the major parties. However, mass media has changed the scope of the election process and brought about the demise of the major political parties (Robinson 147). Candidates who run a television dominated campaign have hurt their parties in a number of ways. The media specialists who manage such campaigns tend to be loyal to a candidate rather than to the candidate's party; as a result, the campaign supports a single candidate and not the entire ticket of the party. In addition, the heavy reliance on television allows a candidate to reach voters directly, thereby weakening the traditional function of the party as an info... ...eed, Ross Perot and George Wallace had a profound effect on the outcome of the elections they participated in, but Perot had a more lasting effect. Ross Perot proved to the world that it is quite plausible for a completely independent candidate to "walk into center stage and steal the show" (Robinson 141). With the decline of the political parties and their role in the campaign process, the possibilities for more successful independent candidates can only increase. Eventually an independent will go farther than swaying the outcome. One day an independent will win. Works Cited Brown, Gene. H. Ross Perot: Texas Billionaire. Vero Beach: Rourke Enterprises, Inc, 1993. Goldman, Peter and Tom Mathews. "The Manhattan Project". Newsweek (Special Election Issue) November/December, 1992. pp.40-57 Jackson, David. "3rd party chances gauged" Dallas Morning News. November 5, 1992. Mazmanian, Daniel A. Third Parties in Presidential Elections. New York: Franklin Watts, 1974. Murr, Andrew. "Superhero". Newsweek (Special Election Issue) November/December, 1992. pp.70-77. Robinson, James W., ed. Ross Perot Speaks Out. Rocklin: Prima Publishing, 1992. .

Othello’s Physical and Psychological Journeys :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Othello’s Physical and Psychological Journeys  Ã‚   Othello is the tragedy, and, incidentally, the name of a Moor who serves as a general in the Italian military. He spends the first act of Shakespeare’s play in Venice, but is ordered shortly to Cyprus to fight the Turkish invasion. His journey isn’t officially noticeable at all in the play. One moment he’s defending himself in the Senate of Venice, the next he’s in Cyprus, taking credit for being victorious in a battle the storms fought for him against the Turks. The story unravels from there. His soon-to-be-lieutenant, Iago, whispers in his ear about his wife, Desdemona, and the unforgivable crime of adultery, throwing Othello’s orderly world to the winds of fate. ......Still, if the starting point and destination of Othello’s initial journey were to be compared to Othello’s psychological journey throughout the play (and, more importantly, the development of his relationship with the villain, Iago), they are found to be startlingly similar. Whether Shakespeare intended the parallel or not, and there isn’t really any sure way to tell, the coincidence is great. ......Venice, where the story starts, is a place of order, rich and wonderful. Likewise, Othello’s relationship with Iago is shown by the third scene of Act One to be, on the surface, based on honesty, respect, and admiration. He says, as he prepares to lead the ships to war: â€Å"honest Iago, my Desdemona must I leave to thee.† (1.3.336) While it may seem naà ¯ve for Othello to do such a thing when trouble is obviously brewing and the sense of foreshadowing is nearly tangible, the reader must keep in mind that Venice is an orderly, respected city and the General’s relationship with Iago can be summed up neatly in one sentence spoken by Brabantio: ......â€Å"This is Venice. My house is not a grange.† (1.1.119) ......But while Venice is certainly not a grange, there is plenty going on behind the scenes. One could even argue that Iago’s first scene when he incites Desdemona’s father to go and take revenge on Othello by using racist and bestial slurs is very similar to the first talks of war in the Senate and the general being told he must leave his homeland to defend Cyprus from the Turks. ......â€Å"An old black ram is tupping your white ewe,† (1.1.98) Iago shouts to Brabantio, at the same moment that Othello is being informed of his new assignment.

Racism and its Inevitability as Portrayed in Crash Essay

Paul Haggis’ Crash was one of the biggest movie hits of 2004. Wining three Oscars at the 2005 Academy Awards, this film is undeniably written in film history as one of the greatest of this generation. Often described as a movie about how lives of different people intertwine through a twist of fate, Crash is largely about racial tensions – perhaps not only in its location of Los Angeles, California but in the whole of America. The movie features a whole slew of characters who has different racial backgrounds and who act in accordance to the pressures they in relation to their cultural backgrounds. Although most of the characters are interesting, I found Detective Graham Waters (Don Cheadle) and Officer John Ryan (Matt Dillon) as the most noteworthy ones. Not only have the actors portraying them delivered powerful performances, they have also shown enough background and – at times – justification as to why they act they way they do. As such, the following paragraphs will analyze both characters. Los Angeles, California, the place by which the Crash characters move in, plays a great part in Graham Waters’ and John Ryan’s judgment, beliefs, and actions. Teeming with people from different races, Los Angeles allows for interaction among people of varying cultures. It sets up room for Graham Waters and John Ryan to ‘practice’ their racial tendencies. Basically a melting pot if differing cultures, Los Angels is the perfect environment by which any character can feel racial superiority or inferiority. Graham Waters’ and John Ryan’s smaller environment – that of the one set up in a police station – is also highly-effective in influencing the characters’ personal biases. In both characters’ cases, it gave them a reason to feel superior, hence providing the perfect justification for one’s preference of leaning (or not leaning) towards people of their own race. Graham Waters is shown as being preoccupied with a case against a white cop who shot a black cop. Even with the white cop killing three black men already, Graham Waters still finds it in himself to deliberate on whether the killings are justified or not. The work place that this particular character was given is the best setting to allow him the ‘luxury’ of suspending judgment and possibly eliminating preferences over his fellow black people. John Ryan, on the other hand, was put in a position where he thinks it is okay for him to physically abuse a half-African woman and actually get away with it. His being a police officer magnified the way he performed his racist acts nonchalantly. A closer look at the lives of both characters under scrutiny reveals how much their personal history has affected the way they make judgments. Although of African-American descent, Graham Waters found it in himself to actually try and be forgiving to people of Caucasian heritage. This is because his family is poor and he experienced first hand having a drug-addict for a mother and he witnessed how his younger brother grew up to be a criminal. Growing up in a tumultuous black environment may have afflicted Graham Waters to not revere people of his own race. It has, in part, allowed him to think of blacks and whites as somehow equal. Yet Graham Waters is not devoid of racist tendencies. He has a partner, the Latin-American Ria (Jennifer Esposito). Despite working in male-dominated world and engaging in a sexual relationship with Graham Waters, Ria is still discriminated by the very man she sleeps with. Graham Waters never pins her country of origin right. And Graham doesn’t seem to mind. A perfect exhibit of how Graham can be at times racist – Professor Robin Lackoff of the University of California claims that not caring how someone’s background is a display of racism (Williams, 2004). The latter part of the film also reveals why John Ryan has been very negative towards people of other races. It is rooted to his father’s business’ demise. Shown as deeply concerned regarding his father’s health, one is wont to assume that John Ryan is indeed fond of his father. His actions then become a bit understandable when it is revealed that his father’s business collapsed after local policies favored businesses owned by the minority. As this had grave effect on his family’s life, John Ryan ‘naturally’ harbors anger (perhaps also hate) towards those who caused him and his family discomfort. Yet both characters are thrown into events that eventually lead them to ‘crash’ – abandon their own personal beliefs and act differently from how they normally would. Graham Waters, who was supposed to champion impartiality between blacks and whites, chose to act against the white cop by concealing an evidence that might have helped the cop in question. This was done through Jake Flanagan (William Fichtner) using Graham’s brother as a bait. By reminding Graham of the possibility of Peter’s arrest if Graham does not withhold the evidence, Flanagan is successful in pushing the black cop in acting against her own personal belief that the white cop should be given a fair trial. One of the most dramatic moments of this Haggis film is when John Ryan once again crashed into Christine, by that time he acted a hero and not anymore a villain. Seeing how Christine’s life was in danger, John Ryan put his life on the line and saved Christine from a blazing car accident. In a moment of crisis, John Ryan abandoned his prejudice and actually risked his own life to become a hero for someone he used to malign. I believe that both Graham Waters and John Ryan were racists – or at least had racist tendencies. John Ryan, most especially, had shown racial discrimination with his constant negative commentaries and actions towards people who are not of Caucasian descent. Graham Waters, on the other hand, may show his racial tendencies in more subtle ways yet it is still undeniably there. He has shown numerous times that he will choose to help someone of the same race over someone who is not black. Personally, I have not experienced any major racial discrimination but I admit to feeling that there is a racial tension hovering around society. I see it everyday and even practice it myself. Racism is seen in ways people choose their friends, in the cliques that are formed in school, and in the comments we make everyday. The media is one of the easy reference points of how racism prevails nowadays. There are times when headlines would shout a person’s race when talking about particular crimes. The news may say, â€Å"A black guy murders a woman† or â€Å"Asian men rob a bank† but never (or very, very rarely) will it brandish, â€Å"White guy kills family† or â€Å"Caucasian steals money†. This may not be personal attacks on me but I take them as large manifestations that racism still does exist. Racism, though, has changed a lot through the years. Thankfully, because of the way the world keeps getting smaller – thanks to the Internet and its ability to bring people from both ends of the world closer – racism has been greatly reduced, or so I would like to believe. I say that this is the case because people are getting to know those from other races better, thus eliminating some preconceived notions about a whole race. Of course, there is also this adverse effect: because people get to interact with more people, racism is spread to more races. In America, for example, racism before was centered only on the blacks versus whites. Today, though, we see racial discrimination applied against the Chinese, the Filipinos, the Hispanics, and a lot more. Paul Haggis’ aim in creating Crash was to demonstrate the fact that racism is still very much prevalent in these modern times. He wanted to paint a society that is still very much hinged on their racial biases. Haggis wanted to relate that perhaps this may not be totally eliminated because everybody comes from different cultures and different backgrounds that dictate what and how they think about themselves and others. Sadly, racism is an inevitable fact of life – but it is a fact that we can all strive to keep at a minimum by taking time to understand each other’s histories. REFERENCES Haggis, Paul. (Director). (2004). Crash [Motion picture]. United States: Bull’s Eye Entertainment. Williams, Brandt. (2004, August 08). â€Å"The ‘n-word’†. In Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved August 19, 2007, from http://news. minnesota. publicradio. org/features/2004/06/28_williamsb_nword/.

Pure Cultures Lab Essay

Introduction : Pure cultures are made of only one type of organisms and can be used to study their properties. A method used to isolate pure cultures is making a steak-plate, which is a dilution process in which culture is spread over an agar plate in a certain manner. Using a loop rod, culture was taken from the tube and dragged across area 1 several time,of the agar. The agar was then turned 90Â º, and the loop was flamed and cooled. Taking some culture from area 1, it was dragged over area two,and the same steps were done for areas 3 and 4.Another technique used was spread-plate, where the same culture is spread over the agar plate using a sterile L-shaped bent glass rod. The rod was dipped in 95% ethyl alcohol and flamed to sterlize. The nutrient agar was then placed on the plate, and spread with rod. An environmental plate was used to test the cultures of a random object, in our experiment, it was the ocular lens of a microscope. A cotton swab was dipped into sterile water, and a random item of our choice was swabbed. After mixing the swab back in the water, the contaminated water was applied to a spread plate. Results: See attached Discussion: All the plates were successful is isolating the pure cultures except the environmental. The reason for this may have been that there was no bacteria, due to the fact they had been recently cleaned. The slant agars were able to pick up on the bacteria to show the growth. The vial that had bright yellow bacteria growing was M.leuteus, showing the successful isolation and identification. Other vials that had M.Letues and S.marcescenes had a very slight shade of bacteria growth. Questions: 1. No because a when a broth culture is used, it has not been inoculated from a pure culture, the only way would be to use a streaking method or spread plate. A mix culture slant is hard to isolate, because bacteria is clumped together, getting a single colony is difficult. These may cause contamination to the bacteria during the inoculation period. 2. If there was more culture in quadrant 4 than 3, it is due to the loop being dragged back into quadrant 1. The nutrient agar that was in 1 came back to 4, and showed more culture.

Infection Control Essay

This is a reflective assignment that will reflect upon a scenario that took place during the clinical placement of a student nurse in theatres. The assignment will focus on MRSA protocols in theatres, why it is important and how the use of reflection assists in the continuous professional development of a student nurse. Throughout the assignment the author will use the Rolfe reflective framework (2001, cited in Jasper, 2003) to explore what happened through out the scenario using the three stages of what, so what and now what. Reflection is a useful tool which health care professionals use to improve their skills and advance their future practice by revisiting scenarios that occurred and exploring why something happened, whether it could be improved in any way or to recognize good practice (Jasper & Rosser, 2013); In accordance to The Code (NMC, 2008) which dictates that all patient information should be kept confidential, and the Data protection Act (1998) which also governs that patient information should be kept secure and released to only those necessary or to who the patient shares it with; All patient details will be kept private and the patient is referred to only as the patient. During a surgical procedure in theatre the MRSA protocol was being followed. However during the procedure a Doctor left the theatre and then tried to re enter the preparation room, the â€Å"clean† circulating nurse did not allow this and informed the doctor to change scrubs and wash their shoes straight away. A full description of the scenario is attached as Appendix 1. The nurse was trying to minimize risk of cross infection as clothing and footwear could be contaminated by surfaces (Kumar, Saunders & Watson, 2000). The student nurse needs to have a good understanding of MRSA, protocols and research and evidence based approaches to deliver safe and appropriate care whilst minimizing risk of cross infection. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is resistant to a number of antibiotics that treat infection including methicillin. There are different strains of Staphylococcus aureus making it harder or easier to treat. MRSA can live in the nostrils or on skin and is  easily transferred from person to person or surface by contact, it can also be dispersed by skin particles through the air (McNeil, Mody & Bradley, 2002), contaminating beds and surfaces (Kumar, Saunders & Watson, 2000 ) and can remain active for longer than 6 months (Wagenvoort, Sluijsmans & Penders, 2000).This is why hand hygiene and environmental cleanliness is so important (Crowcroft, 1996). The bacterium can enter the bloodstream through small cuts or a wound; Depending on individuals’ immune system people can fight off lower strains of MRSA with minimal infection symptoms such as pain, temperature, dizziness etc. However people with lowered immune systems i.e. people in hospital w ith existing health complaints or infections can be harder to treat (Dougherty &Lister, 2004). MRSA is a virulent pathogen and when it doesn’t respond to treatment can cause sepsis, urinary tract infections, endocarditis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis and can even result in death (Weigeit, 2007). During theatre procedures the same source isolation nursing that is used on the wards is used in theatres nursing that is used on the wards (NHS, 2012). St George’s Hospital (NHS St Georges Trust, 2012) theatre policy outlines during theatre and recovery staff numbers should be kept to a minimum, all unnecessary equipment should be removed from theatre, staff should wear protective clothing and a plastic gown, after the procedure all equipment and surfaces should be cleaned and patients should be nursed using source isolation practices. (Dougherty & Lister, 2004) Source isolation aims to keep the source of infection from spreading anywhere by means of hand washing, washing, protective clothing and incineration of all disposable waste in a controlled manor. The National Institute for clinical excellence also highlighted the importance of source isolation regarding MRSA discussing its negative impacts on health ranging from discomfort to serious disability or death. (NICE, 2011) in 2009/10 the NHS dealt with almost 1900 bloodstream infections, each infection cost the NHS around  £7000. The aim in following guidelines is to protect patients, protect staff and to protect the environment for the next patient who will enter the theatre having an operation (Dougherty & Lister, 2004). Thanks to evidence based clinical practice and improved hand hygiene MRSA bloodstream infection rates have dropped by 41% in the NHS across England  since 2009 and a further 29% in 2012/2013 (Department of Health, 2012) From this event the student was able to reflect on research and evidence based approaches specifically in regards to MRSA and gain a more in-depth understanding of MRSA. Reading about bacterium and paths of transmission helped the student nurse have a better understanding of infection control measures and their importance.

Politics and Administration Essay

Introduction 186, 207, 221? Power Struggle between the pro-democratic and pro-conservatism One of the reasons that led to such a tragic end for Tian’anmen Movement is the power struggle between the two camps of leaders, pro-democratic (Former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Zhao Ziyang) and pro-conservatism (Deng Xiao Ping). In 2009, a memoir was published based on audiotapes recorded by Zhao Ziyang, called Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang, he mentioned that he â€Å"didn’t want to be a General Secretary who opens fire on the people.† From this, we could clearly tell by that time, Zhao differed in opinion from Deng and other conservative leaders, like Li Peng on how to handle the student movement, i.e. whether to pursue a peaceful or a military solution. http://blog.foolsmountain.com/2009/06/03/tiananmen-1989-a-need-for-dialogue-20-years-later/ One very crucial turning point that we know is that by that time, the CCP General Secretary made a scheduled official visit to North Korea, which turned out to be a bad decision at the time of turmoil; this was because on April 26th CCP Central issued an editorial on â€Å"People’s Daily† in the absence of Zhao Ziyang, which was titled â€Å"Uphold the flag to unambiguously oppose any turmoil†, denouncing that the patriotic student movement as a turmoil ignited by an â€Å"extremely small handful of opportunists†. http://www.alliance.org.hk/64/6420/?page_id=521 According to Wu Jiaxiang, a former aide and a leading political scientist in Beijing, Zhao Ziyang, before leaving for North Korea on April 21st, had instructed that â€Å"no politburo meeting should be held in his absence† but other CCP leaders, likle Yang Shankun & Li Peng immediately convened a â€Å"CCP Expanded Poliburo Meeting†, then reported to Deng Xiaoping with meeting opinions, and then borrowed Deng Xiaoping’s mouth in stating that CCP â€Å"should not fear bloodshed†. And in Zhao Zhiyang’s self account, recorded by Yang Jisheng, he claimed that it was li Ximing & Chen Xitong who contacted Wan Li on the night of April 21st in request of convening a commissar meeting; that Wan Li relayed the info to Li Peng. Later, according to ________, Li Peng convened the meeting on the night of 24th, reported it to Deng Xiaoping on 25th, and was authorized to relay Deng’s opinions to communist cadres; and that Li Peng took advantage of the occasion to draft a newspaper commentary for publication on April 26th. By the time Zhao returned to China after the scheduled visit, he found it was just too late to remedy the situation as hostilities between the government and the people have been greatly aggravated. Other than the mis-communication over the People’s Daily’s editorial, we may gain further insights into the power struggle between the party leaders by taking a look at a previous document obtained by CNN and written by Bao Tong, a close aide to Zhao Ziyang, describing in detail the events leading up to the crackdown on student protests in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989. September 25, 1989 Comrade Hu Yaobang died on April 15, soon after which the student demonstrations began. I was extremely worried. Comrade Xiaoping pointed out in his speech on April 25 that the overwhelming priority in China is stability – I completely agreed with his point; I also wanted to maintain stability and prevent turmoil. Specifically, I wanted to make an effort to reduce tensions and to avoid precipitating the tension into clashes. The People’s Daily April 26th editorial, in my view, was harsh in language and lacked analysis and persuasiveness; I had my reservations about it. On May 19 and 20, the Central Committee announced the decision to send the military into Beijing and declare martial law; in my heart, I believed we made a terribly wrong move; I was afraid that we would be trapped in a very difficult situation, â€Å"riding a tiger, hard to get-off.† The Central Standing Committee collectively criticized Comrade Zhao Ziyang; I felt it was unfair. 1.1 – It was I who first informed Comrade Ziyang that the April 26th editorial had aggravated the confrontational mood of students and people who had previously taken a neutral position. Comrade Ziyang returned to Beijing from North Korea on April 30th. As soon as he returned, I reported to him as follows: Students have been demonstrating in the streets since April 27th. There were so many of them that it was impossible to blockade; there were also lots of onlookers following them. Some government officials sympathized with the demonstrations. There were signs that the incident was escalating and expanding; there were a great number of students and others who resented the April 26th editorial and believed that it was hostile towards them. I spoke about my opinion of the editorial: the positive side of the editorial was that it presented Comrade Xiaoping’s thoughts that Chin a must maintain stability and must not fall into turmoil. However, the editorial was written in a very harsh tone, did not adequately present reasons and lacked analysis. It also did not take into consideration the acceptance of people who were previously neutral. Since there were so many people who believed that the editorial was hostile to them, it was obvious that the editorial did not express its ideas clearly. Comrade Ziyang did not express his own opinions at that time. After a few days, he said to me: â€Å"It seems that there are flaws in the editorial.† Comrade Ziyang certainly formulated his opinions in his own way, but it was I who first reported to him about the editorial with this point of view. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/22/tiananmen.document.01/ Students’ Uncollective Actions As discussed above, power struggle among the party leaders is one of the factors in leading to the unwanted tragedy of the June 4th Movement, but as I argue down below, the chaotic and unsystematic internal management of various student movements are by nature underlying factors to the tragedy. After the April 27 demonstration, the government commenced to open up dialogues with students, and the government seemed to take the initiative to adopt a more positive approach towards the student movement. The government’s willingness to concede and negotiate have lit up the hope for the majority of students that the entire student movement might come to a peaceful end(Source: Book) Yet, almost by the same time, the leadership and organization of the movement among the student leaders became â€Å"problematic†. Not only did the student movement organizations hold different points of views towards the movement strategies, some of the student leaders also paid no respect to organizational claims, and much often instead, they themselves acted on behalf of their organizations. One fine example would be the case of Zhou Yongjun, who was the president of Beijing Autonomous Federation. He helped organize another big demonstration on May 4. However, without any consent from his fellows and colleagues, he announced the end of class strike â€Å"without a clear resolution within the leadership†. http://www.standoffattiananmen.com/2009/04/people-of-1989-zhou-yongjun.html In order to better describe the dividing powers among the student leaders during the late stages of June 4th Movement, Zhao (2001) simply grouped the student demonstrators by that time into three groups, which are called respectively Dialogue Delegation Group, Beijing Students’ Autonomous Group and the so-called â€Å"charismatic group† http://site.ebrary.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/lib/hkulibrary/docDetail.action?docID=10402626 As Zhao (2001) noted, the students that belonged to Dialogue Delegation Group were â€Å"eager for the coming dialogue with the government†. References Gonzales, Eduardo, L. and Gillespie, C.G. (1994). Presidentialism and Democratic Stability in Uruguay. In J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela (Ed.), The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Comparative Perspective (pp. 151 – 178). Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press Hanan, D. (2007). Presidentialism, parliamentarism and semi-presidentialism: Incentives and disincentives in achieving multiple democratic goals. Retrieved from http://djayadihanan.blogspot.com/2007/12/presidentialism-parliamentarism-and.html Linz, Juan J. (1994). The Failure of Presidential Democracy. The Case of Latin America. In J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela (Ed.), Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it Make a Difference? (pp.7).Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press Maeda, K. & Nishikawa M. (2006). Duration of Party Control in Parliamentary and Presidential Governments: A Study of Sixty-Five Democracies, 1950-1998. Retrieved from http://www.bsu.edu/web/mnishikawa/MaedaNishikawa2006CPS.pdf Mainwaring, S. (1993). Presidentialism, Multipartiism, and Democracy, The Difficult Combination. Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 26 No. 2 (pp. 198 – 228) Mainwaring, S. & Shugart, M. (1993). Juan Linz, presidentialism, and democracy: A critical appraisal. Retrieved from http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/200.pdf Power, Timothy and Mark J. Gasiorowski. (1997). Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World. Comparative Political Studies. Shugart, M. S., & Carey, J. M. (1992). Presidents and assemblies: constitutional design and electoral dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Valenzuela, A. (1994). Party Politics and the Crisis of Presidentialism in Chile: A Proposal for a Parliamentary Form of Government. In J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela (Ed.), The Failure of Presidential Democracy – The Case of Latin America (pp. 93). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press

Changes in 1750 to 1850

This period of time (1750-1850) was the Industrial Revolution. This meant that the factory system and use of machines increased. There were also more wealth for Britain and increase of population! However there changes in social, religion, economic and more political changes, this resulted in incidences such as calls for education, voting, equality and so on. But the main changes were transport, industry, home/leisure and health. Transport changes quickly 1750-1850, it was an increase for much better methods of moving heavy goods such as fruit and vegetables! However the changes did not just happened at once, it had several stages. First roads were improved, than canals were built and finally the Railway was developed! This has a good impact because in 1750 travel was slow, usually on foot, but many main roads had been improved by becoming turnpikes (toll roads). Toll roads is a public or private roadway for which a fee, or toll is assessed for passage. It is a form of road pricing typically implemented to help recuperate the cost of road construction and maintenance, which on public roads amounts to a form of taxation. Journey times: London to Manchester took 4 days, London to oxford took 2 days. Over time the roads become flatter, they were not dirt tracks anymore, they made roads straighter, levelled out and they also built bridges on the roads. Canals were built so factories could move raw materials from factory to factory. The cannels had several advantages! Firstly a boat is not going to have a bumpy journey; so fragile goods are much less likely to smash on route. Secondly a canal barge is much larger than a horse drawn wagon and so it can be used to carry much more than wagons on Turnpike roads could be expected to. Also canals were cheap to use and could carry 50 tonnes! Railways developed quickly because of Stephenson! Stephenson invented steam trains. The steam trains would be used to power motors and would be used in mines to help bring coals to the surface quicker! In 1850 railways connected every major town and city in Britain, making much faster travel available for all. Journey times: London to Manchester 6 hours; London to oxford 2 hours! The most important change for the industry was the invitation of machines to do the work of hand tools. Iron was very important because it was used for machines, tools, ships, railways and trains. However the factories were making clothing and goods on time because the machinery made them quicker! The industry was now becoming more advanced. Power had changed from water to coal. Coal is very important because it power domestic homes, machinery and transport

Preparing to go global Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Preparing to go global - Essay Example As we are planning to go international, we must know the food taste of the people of foreign countries. In the foreign countries, we should prepare the food according to the taste of the people of those countries instead of preparing it with the same ratios of salt and pepper that our people like. Today, people demand excellence and quality in whatever they buy. The companies, which provide quality products to the customers, gain success in the international markets. Understanding of the global management concept also plays a key role in the success of the companies. Global management is a technique that companies use to run the business processes efficiently in the international marketplace. While running a business worldwide, different types of cultural, political, and economic issues appear which companies need to tackle effectively in order to gain success in the international markets. We can take the example of McDonalds, a fast food chain, which has achieved success in different parts of the world. The reason behind its success is extremely talented and skilled management staff, which has a complete understanding of the global management concept. The managers of McDonalds have developed effective marketing and market-entry strategies to establish their brand all over th e world. To gain success in internationally, we would need to understand all cross-cultural issues and international business practices in order to make a permanent place in the international markets. Our management staff needs to be skilled enough to set the dimensions of success for the company. We would need to know the way to optimize profitability and promote efficiency in the global marketplace. Development of an appropriate strategic marketing plan would also play a vital role in the success of Kestrel Growth Brands. The strategic marketing plan would encompass two motives. First motive would be to attract the customers towards the

Managing People, Finance and Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing People, Finance and Marketing - Essay Example There may be organization-wide changes such as mergers and acquisitions, restructurings, leadership changes, and changes in technology. There may be the upsizing, downsizing and resizing that force organizations to change, and in some cases almost daily (Joyce, 2005). There are also changes needed in the culture of organizations or the way they do things. History is replete with many organizations changing for the better and organizations that did not and were doomed to failure in some parts of their history (Waldera, 2002). American Express. American Express, for example, had announced organization and management changes in mid- 2005. The reasons given were that changes were driven by several key developments including: the rapid growth of their Global Network Services (GNS) business in the United States and around the world; the expansion of their worldwide merchant network; the broader long-term relationships they are developing to build business with their merchant partners; and the recent entry of the Travelers Cheque business into the prepaid card arena ("American Express," 2005). Their company, they said, is in an excellent position. They would like to further strengthen their long-term position and propel the new American Express into the ranks of the most successful and most admired companies in the world ("American Express," 2005). IBM Integrated Supply Chain. ... IBM is not unique; its supply chain considerations impact upon many organizations as they attempt to find integrated solutions to complex problems. However, within IBM, this transition, which has affected organizational structure and alignment, process, and IT support, has not been without its problems. The drive to shift from a Functional to a Process control alignment has required a shift in the mindset of the organizations employees (McLaughlin, Paton & Macbeth, 2006). The IBM, as an organization needed to be able to develop flexible end-to-end (E2E) processes that can be "tweaked" and modified to meet changes in customer demand, product availability and overall performance. Performance to them is not simply down to the implementation of elaborate IT systems, but requires the alignment of key personnel in an understanding of the knowledge management aspects relating to the E2E processes. This required management to think about how the business operates from a process, as opposed to a function, perspective (McLaughlin, Paton & Macbeth, 2006). Hewlett Packard. Adizes (1988) postulated that as companies go through various life-cycle stages, their cultures need to change in order to adapt to different business challenges. Rigid adherence to a set of cultural norms can foretell disaster, especially in rapidly changing market conditions (Waldera, 2002) Consider the fate of a non-renewing organization as defined by Waldera (2002). The "HP Way" guided the success and development of this premier technology company since its inception in 1939. However effective the "HP Way" culture was in guiding the company's growth during the first fifty years of its history, it began

Unemployment and Labor Force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unemployment and Labor Force - Essay Example According to the economist Edmond Malinvaud, the type of unemployment that prevails at a particular time depends on the situation at the goods market. If the goods market is a buyers’ market in which sales are restricted by demand then Keynesian type of unemployment prevails, while if a production capacity is limited classical unemployment prevails. Common types of unemployment are as follows:1.  Frictional Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when a person switches from one job to another. While the person looks for another job he experiences frictional unemployment. This unemployment also applies to fresh graduates who look for jobs. It is a productive part of the economy as it increases worker’s economic efficiency and his long term welfare. This type of unemployment usually occurs due to incorrect information in the labor market due to which workers do not know what type of job they are getting hired for and hence they look for getting a new job. 2.  C lassical Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when real wages for available jobs are set above the market clearing level. This usually happens due to government intervention when government sets a minimum wage for a job. Even taboos especially taboos can sometimes cause wages to be set above the market clearing level (America’s Great Depression p45).3.  Structural Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs due to mismatch between employment offered by employers and those seeking jobs.... Common types of unemployment are as follows: 1. Frictional Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when a person switches from one job to another. While the person looks for another job he experiences frictional unemployment. This unemployment also applies to fresh graduates who look for jobs. It is a productive part of the economy as it increases worker's economic efficiency and his long term welfare. This type of unemployment usually occurs due to incorrect information in the labor market due to which workers do not know what type of job they are getting hired for and hence they look for getting a new job. 2. Classical Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when real wages for available jobs are set above the market clearing level. This usually happens due to government intervention when government sets a minimum wage for a job. Even taboos especially taboos can sometimes cause wages to be set above the market clearing level (America's Great Depression p45). 3. Structural Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs due to mismatch between employment offered by employers and those seeking jobs. It may occur due to geographical location or skill of workers or because of many other reasons. If structural unemployment occurs, frictional unemployment becomes significant as well. 4. Keynesian Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when there is insufficient demand in the economy. It occurs when there is a business cycle recession in the economy and wages of jobs do not fall to meet the equilibrium rate. An economy with high unemployment rate is an economy which is not using its entire available labor source which reduces its efficiency. If all the frictionally unemployed in this economy accept the first available job to them, then they